An Organizational Profile Of The United States Army

Running head: ORG PROFILE 1 2 2 ORG PROFILE An Organizational Profile of the United States Army: Katherine Bingley University of Louisville Dr. Bradley Carpenter ELFH 490 May 27, 2015 An Organizational Profile of the United States Army I have chosen to write about the United States Army for my Organizational profile. Not only was it extremely interesting to look at the organization that I love and how it functions, but it is the one business that I feel most comfortable with. The Army employs approximately 530,000 Active Duty Soldiers and 330,000 civilians, making it one of the largest, most powerful corporations in the world. Founded in 1775, it is one of the oldest businesses in the United States and is rich with history, symbolism, and structure (citation, year). The Army is so interesting to me because it has so many different lines of effort. Of course you have to train Soldiers to fight and win, but you also have to take care of the families, run a town, manage factories and hospitals, and provide education for the children. What other organization does this on such a large level? Even the other branches of the Armed Forces can?t compare to what the Arm y accomplishes on a daily basis. Structural Features Bolman and Deal (1997) stated that structural frames are goal oriented. The Army?s goal is simple, clear, concise and achievable; to win America?s wars. 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Financial Statement Differentiation Example

Essays on Financial Statement Differentiation Essay Financial ment Differentiation Financial ment differentiation Introduction Financial ments refer to records used in business in needs of recording their transactions and track their financial condition and performance. Keeping of financial records dates back to over 5000 years ago when merchants of the ancient Babylonian kingdom between rivers Tigris and Euphrates recorded sales, expenses, and inventory using cuneiform writing on clay tablets. Over the centuries, this improved to the current means of financial statements that are more accurate, efficient and with no bias. They help, when analyzed in good faith, to evaluate the financial condition of the underlying company; the results of this help in making decisions that improve the running of the business and in its future. Financial statements. The balance sheet. The balance sheet represents the assets and equities owned by a business. The assets represent what the business owns; equity, also known as net worth, refers to what is left over for the shareholders after what it owes is deducted. Balance sheet shows the company’s financial position as of the date on which compiled and changes radically depending on the financial transactions taking place each and every day. A series of balance sheets shows the basic financial structure and the debts at various points in time. However, it does not reflect how the business is doing financially, whether it is meeting its costs of operations or if it is making profits. It may be arranged horizontally or vertically, current to fixed accounts or fixed to current accounts (Costales Szurovy, 1993). The income statement. This is a record, which brings out the ability of a business to make money over a period. It records all the incomes collected from the business while deducting all the expenses for that period to come up with the net income and the profit of that certain period. However, if expenses exceed total income, the total loss can be calculated. This financial statement has a drawback such that not all incomes and expenses items are in cash form. For example, depreciation is accepted as expenses and others as incomes before cash flows into the company by accepting accounting principles (Woelfel, 1993). The cash flow statement. This is a record that gives the amount of cash generated by the business over a certain period. The cash outflows are subtracted from the cash inflows for that period in order to get the net cash generated. This gives the profit made after meeting all expenses or, if net cash position is negative, the company is using reserves to cater for the remaining expenses. If this negative position continues, the company will run out of money. Hence, the cash flow statement shows whether the business makes a profit or not and the financial position of the business (Woelfel, 1993). The reconciliation of net worth statement. This is a record that shows and reflects various changes in the net worth of business at various time intervals within a financial reporting period. It shows the amount of increase or decrease in net worth either net income or net loss. It also shows the amounts of distributions made to shareholders or the additional funds invested in the business by shareholders within that financial period (Costales Szurovy, 1993). Conclusion. Investors need financial statements in order to find the information they need to make decisions, which relate to their interests in a company. They need income statement and the reconciliation of net worth statement to inform them of daily business operations and gains. The creditors need to know about the company’s ability to meet its obligations, reasons for a company’s borrowing, and how it has handled its debts. Hence, creditors need balance sheets and income statements to determine abilities of a business to meet its costs. The management of the business needs all these statements in order to carry out the business successfully and to make profits. Hence financial statements are useful to the successful running of the businesses. References Costales, S. B. Szurovy, G. (1993). The Guide to Understanding Financial Statements. London: McGraw-Hill Professional. Woelfel, C. J. (1993). Financial Statement Analysis: The Investors Self-Study Guide to Interpreting Analyzing Financial Statements. London: McGraw-Hill Professional.

Andre Rieu by Andre Rieu free essay sample

I know that most of you probably never heard of Andre Rieu well because Andre is Dutch and mainly plays waltzes and classical music. Andre is known as the King of Waltz because he plays a lot of waltzes and even compose one! Andre gets inspiration from Johann Strauss who he named his orchestra after in the 1970s that he created by himself. He doesnt only play waltzes and classical music he also plays popular songs from movies, and Christmas songs. Andre tours around the world. He tours a lot just about every six months and plays concerts in Canada, America, Europe, Japan, Australia, and South Africa. Just recently one of his concerts was cancelled he was supposed to play in Toronto, Canada but due to wild protests there his show was cancelled since nobody can come. He makes his concerts fun unlike other orchestras. He doesnt only conducts the orchestra sometimes he plays along with them and sometimes he is in the audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Andre Rieu by Andre Rieu or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Andre designs what is in his tour by what he did in his last special. Right now he is performing two Michael Jackson songs Ben, and Earth Song. So the next time you want to listen to new music I recommend that you give Andre Rieu a chance. Trust me when I first saw him on television I did not like him but now I do.

The Tragedy Of King Richard The Second free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper In the drama # 8220 ; The Tragedy of King Richard the Second # 8221 ; Shakespeare portrayed two different personalities. One was of a adult male a true politician, who was sort and merely, neer allowing those around him misguide him. He would listen to every side there was of a narrative and even though those around him gave their sentiments, he merely considered those that were just. He was a people individual, so to talk, and a good male monarch. The other was of a adult male star struck and lazy. A adult male, who blindly took the advice of those around him, be it merely or unfair. A good male monarch he thought himself to be but puppet to the work forces of his tribunal is what he realized he was. The first description was of Bullingbrook, cousin to King Richard II and Duke of Herford. In the beginning of the drama Bullingbrook and Mowbray were impeaching each other of unreliable Acts of the Apostless. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tragedy Of King Richard The Second or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bullingbrook accused Mowbray of plotting the Duke of Gloucester s decease and Mowbray denied, impeaching Bullingbrook of lying. Acerate leaf to state their accusals were brought before the male monarch who gave an impressive address about both work forces being work forces of the tribunal so both work forces would be treated every bit. Then he turned about and banished Mowbray for life and Bullingbrook, his cousin for merely six old ages. Bullingbrook accepted his sentence, following it dependably until King Richard II began to sell off his heritage to acquire money for the war. Bullingbrook so decided it was clip to come back. Upon his arrival many of the high-established work forces of the tribunal joined him, cursing their trueness to him. They so began to convey down those who were treasonists to England, those who would rob from the people and take his cousin, the male monarch, astray. Bullingbrook looking at the state of affairs his state was in so began to device a program for King Richard II return. He and othe Rs agreed that the King s precedence was non his people but with deriving a well-known name. While all of this was transpirating King Richard II was off at Ireland contending a war he could non afford in any sense of the word. To get down with he was non financially equipped for the war, so he began by to a great extent taxing the common mans. This of class lost him their support along with the support of many of his high-established citizens. A good bulk of which extremely disapproved the thought of him ostracizing Bullingbrook and selling off his heritage. He was besides unappreciative of his lineage. By this I mean he willed his seniors dead and took no attentiveness of there advises, every bit good as took his took his place as male monarch for granted. When he arrived back in England he found that his loyal followings were either dead or deserted him all together and went to fall in forces with Bullingbrook. Richard II recognizing all his power was gone and precisely how unwise it was to take his royalty for granted decided to release his Crown, passing it over to Bullingbrook. Who being the true politician that he was took the Crown, sent the queen back to France, and had King Richard locked off. He so wished King Richard were dead in the presence of his guards, cognizing he could non genuinely be king until he was dead and that one of his guards would make it to delight him. In the terminal his want was granted but since it was non his direct order he could easy rinse his custodies of the whole affair and accept the crown solemnly. Shakspere showed us the difference Between a adult male who use his caput to acquire what he wanted complete and a adult male who thought merely holding the rubric was plenty to govern the state. In a manner this drama shows us that those who have to work for something appreciates it more than if it were handed to them.

BILLY BUDD Essays - Billy Budd, Herman Melville, Billy, Budd

BILLY BUDD Essays - Billy Budd, Herman Melville, Billy, Budd BILLY BUDD Before the Fall, Adam and Eve were perfect. They were innocent and ignorant, yet perfect, so they were allowed to abide in the presence of God. Once they partook of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, however, they immediately became unclean as well as mortal. In Billy Budd, the author, Herman Melville, presents a question that stems directly from this original sin of our first parents: Is it better to be innocent and ignorant, but good and righteous, or is it better to be experienced and knowledgeable? I believe that through this book, Melville is telling us that we need to strike some kind of balance between these two ideas; we need to have morality and virtue; we need to be in the world, but not of the world. To illustrate his theme, Melville uses a few characters who are all very different, the most important of which is Billy Budd. Billy is the focal point of the book and the single person whom we are meant to learn the most from. On the ship, the Rights-of-Man, Billy is a cynosure among his shipmates; a leader, not by authority, but by example. All the members of the crew look up to him and love him. He is strength and beauty. Tales of his prowess [are] recited. Ashore he [is] the champion, afloat the spokesman; on every suitable occasion always foremost(9). Despite his popularity among the crew and his hardworking attitude, Billy is transferred to another British ship, the Indomitable. And while he is accepted for his looks and happy personality, hardly here [is] he that cynosure he had previously been among those minor ships companies of the merchant marine(14). It is here, on the Indomitable that Billy says good-bye to his rights. It is here, also, that Billy meets John Claggart, the master-at-arms. A man in whom was the mania of an evil nature, not engendered by vicious training or corrupting books or licentious living but born with him and innate, in short a depravity according to nature(38). Here then, is presented a man with a personality and character to contrast and conflict with Billys. Sweet, innocent Billy immediately realizes that this man is someone he does not wish to cross and so after seeing Claggart whip another crew-member for neglecting his responsibilities, Billy resolved that never through remissness would he make himself liable to such a visitation or do or omit aught that might merit even verbal reproof(31). Billy is so good and so innocent that he tries his hardest to stay out of trouble. What then was his surprise and concern when ultimately he found himself getting into petty trouble occasionally about such matters as the stowage of his bagwhich brought down on him a vague threat from one of [the ships corporals](31). These small threats and incidents establish the tension between Claggart and Billy, and set the stage for a later confrontation. They also force Billy to search for help. The person he goes to is yet another type of character presented in this book. Red Whiskers. Red Whiskers was an old veteran, long anglicized in the service, of few words, many wrinkles, and some honorable scars(31). Billy recognizes the old Dansker as a figure of experience, and after showing respect and courtesy which Billy believes due to his elder, finally seeks his advice, but what he is told thoroughly astonishes him. Red Whiskers tells Billy that for some reason, Claggart is after Billy, but Billy cannot believe it because he is so innocent and trusting. Through this situation Billy now finds himself in, Melville has us ask ourselves a question: Would it be right for Billy to heed the advice of experience and wisdom and tell the captain about Claggarts conspiracy? Or should he instead keep his mouth shut and try to work things out himself? Being the good person that he is, Billy tries to forget about it and hopes that it will pass, but it does not. And that is where the fourth of these few characters comes in. Captain Vere, with his love for knowledge and books, and his settled convictions [which stood] as a dike against those invading

Snuck and WH

From Our Readers – Sneak/Snuck and WH From Our Readers Sneak/Snuck and WH From Our Readers Sneak/Snuck and WH By Maeve Maddox Sometimes I get comments via the Contact box that I wish had been posted in the comments for everyone to enjoy. Sneaking up on Snuck Heres what A.G. of Clearwater, Florida had to add: Ah, the wonderful vagaries of the English language! Sneak/sneaked is in line with leak/leaked, peak/peaked, peek/peeked, or reek/reeked. On the other hand, if speak/spoke, why not sneak/snoke? Or, if seek/sought, why not sneak/snought? [shudder] With tongue in cheek, I remain faithfully yours [oh, no, lets not start that one up again!]†¦ Pronouncing Words That Begin with WH Maria Cypher, she who inspired the WH post, sent the following link to a map that shows where clusters of [hw] speakers practice their funny pronunciations. Map showing [hw] pronunciations. Note the dot in the center of Arkansas. Thats where [hwer] I grew up. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withâ€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†What Is a Doctor?

Proposed Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposed Program - Essay Example a minimum of ninety (90) minutes per week of physical education and the agreement of the individual participants to submit to baseline and follow-up blood screening. There were no exclusionary criteria. Procedures. The schools selected for program participation will be done so based on its demographic location within a well-defined local area. Within those schools, the dietary menus would be modified so as to ensure that the lunches provided within the school will meet the USDA requirements of a minimum energy level of 664 kcal with a fat content of less that 30% of the total calorific content, no less than 10g of protein, 286mg of calcium, 3.5mg of iron, at lease 224 retinol equivalents of vitamin A and at lest 15mg of vitamin C. The duration of this program will be three years wherein the students within the program will experience significantly less dietary fat intake over the course of the program when compared with students outside of the target area. In conjunction with the dietary modification program, an enhanced physical education program will be implemented. The schools within the target area would implement a regiment of physical education whereby each student will receive a minimum of ninety (90) minutes of physical education over the course of a week. This will be distributed over three sessions. The physical education program will be accompanied by health education whereby the students will be offered a series of 16 30-40 minute healthy eating segments administered by the classroom teachers. The segments would be selected based on the criteria of age appropriateness. Â   During the course of this program implementation, there will be an ongoing program level monitoring whereby there will be continuous recipe and menu analysis as well as well as an observation of the length of time and physical activity type determination. On an individual level, dietary knowledge, intentions, food choices outside of school, social reinforcement and support as

Fund raising research assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fund raising research assignment - Essay Example no volunteer system despite being known for its charitable and volunteer work while the University of Cincinnati does not list volunteers as directly assisting in fund raising on their websites, but they were highlighted in foundation advertisement on other sites like Facebook and Youtube. The University of Oregon does not offer member benefits online like the University of Cincinnati does, where donors get free parking, library privileges discounts on university bookstore, recognition at annual Honor Roll of Donors, complimentary classes, and special invitation to special events. The Michigan State University is so different from both the University of Oregon and Cincinnati though the former has a gift level system, too. The annual gifts of Michigan State University are presidents club, Beaumont Tower Society, John A. Hannah Society, Jonathan L. Snyder society and Theophilus C. Abbot Society. Michigan state university is different from the other two universities since volunteers are the main contributors to their fund-raising, and the institution has a calling program run by volunteers. This program is important since it is a student led voice, and it is used to build strong relationships with alumni. On top of that, Michigan State University organizes events which supplement their annual fund-raising: Broad Art Museum event, Secchia Center event and Corporate Alumni event. There is a big gap between a university and a high school in terms of resources. In that regard, there was a big difference between the high school I researched and the research on the three universities. I believe that the high school could largely benefit from implementing some of the procedures that these universities have. Some of the programs this high school will have to implement include building a school website. The website will enable the alumni to get more information about what the schooling is aiming to achieve, reminisce and stay connected to the community and the high school.

Little Red Riding Hood Essay Example for Free

Little Red Riding Hood Essay In 1814 Gordon Bryson wrote a poem about the timelessness, and grace of a unnamed women. She walks in Beauty describes the inner and outer beauty of a women. Gordon Bryon was noted as a moral disgrace as he wedded his half sister, and various women (Clugston, 2010). In the lyric poem She walks in Beauty, Byron used metaphors like raven tress, and climes, and starry skies to describe her long jet black hair, and her elegance. A lyric poem is a brief poem that expresses feelings and imagination; its melody and emotion create a dominant, unified impression (Clugston, 2010). In this essay, I will explore how Bryson uses metaphors, and images like light, and darkness to set the tone in She walks in Beauty. In the first stanza in She walks in Beauty, lines one, and two â€Å"She walks in beauty, like the night† does not ends with any puncuation, or pause at the end because it carries over to the next sentence â€Å"Of cloudless climes and starry skies† (Clugston, 2010, 7. 1, para 2). This technique is called enjambment. A enjambment is a continuation of a thought in a line of poetry into a succeeding line, uninterapped by punctuation (Clugston, 2010, 11. , para 2). Bryon expressed how ones beauty can be viewed on a clear night with stars lining the sky. His view of her beauty, and silhouette is cosmic. She walks in Beauty is a lyric poem which express a poets thoughts and imagination, Its melody and emotion created adominant, unified impression (Clugston, 2010). The images being created in the first six lines of She walks in Beauty suggests that a womens physical appearance is classic like a polished baby grand piano dark with shinny white keys â€Å"And all that’s best of dark and bright† (Clugston, 2010, 11. , para 5). The sixth, and seventh line in the poem emphasizes the similarities between light and dark to describe her elegance. at the end of tthe different forms of symbolism used to describe the first version of Little Red Riding Hood. In the first of She walks in Beauty The content in the original and remakes of this tale is constant in each one. The Little Red Riding Hood that I remembered reading when I was a small child was told as a young woman who was following the orders of her mother to deliver some baked goods to her bedridden grandmother. The role of the wolf is the same as well; he is merely thinking of a cunning way to eat her without being caught in the process. The theme of the original Little Red Riding Hood is a tale of her entering women hood, not her taking cakes to her sick grandmother. The term theme means a representation of the idea behind the story (Clugston, 2010, 7. 1, para 2). When the story was first published in 1697, Europeans easily identified the coalition of the story; translating that act of sex. â€Å"In the French slang, when a girl lost her virginity it was said that elle [a] vu le loup—shed seen the wolf†(Clugston, 2010, 4. , para 2). In the engraving of the first tale from 1697, it shows Little Red Riding Hood partially dressed lying in the bed beneath a wolf. The tale explains how Little Red Riding Hood stripes out off her clothes at the wolves requested without question (Clugston, 2010, 4. 1, para 2). â€Å"In fact, tales such as â€Å"Red Riding Hood† and â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† were pan-European phenomena, predating even Perrault, with provenances tracing as far back as the Middle Ages and Ancient Greece. Nevertheless, Perrault’s influence on the transmission of fairy tales to many parts of the Continent was tremendous. Charles Perrault’s stories were not original creations, but collected oral material edited and fashioned by him into print† (Paradiz, 2009, p. 96). The story of Little Red Riding Hood as interpreted by Charles Perrault has Little Red Riding Hood being sent by her mother who loved her dearly to walk to the next village to deliver food to her ill grandmother. On the way to deliver the baked goods, she meets a wolf. A wolf who had not eaten in three days decides not to eat her, as there were woodcutters nearby that would hear the attack. While speaking with the wolf he tricks Little Red Riding Hood into disclosing the location of her grandmother’s cottage. As Little Red Riding Hood is a small child, the wolf took advance of her being a naive, and friendly. She disobeyed the cardinal rule that adults constantly reminders their child of: do not stop for, or talk to strangers (the irony of the story is that her mother does not tell her that speaking with strangers is wrong). The term irony is a discrepancy or contradiction that occurs between what is expected to happened and what actually happens in a situation or in an expressed statement (Clugston, 2010, 5. 5, para 3).

Beauty, Biology, and Society Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Beauty, Biology, and Society What is beauty? How do human beings decide who is attractive and who is not? Society is full of messages telling us what is beautiful, but what are those definitions based on? Do we consciously decide whom we are attracted to, or is biology somehow involved? The issue of beauty and how we define it has been studied for centuries. Scholars from all fields of study have searched for the "formula" for beauty. Darwin in his book The Descent of Man wrote, "It is certainly not true that there is in the mind of man any universal standard of beauty with respect to the human body. It is however, possible that certain tastes in the course of time become inherited, though I have no evidence in favor of this belief." (1) Science has tried to look at beauty beyond the conscious level. It has tried to determine what roles biology plays in human attraction. Scientists have discovered that symmetry and scent play a role in defining human attraction. (3) But while this can begin to explain beauty on the most basic of levels, what accounts for variations in the standard of beauty? The idea of beauty varies within different societies and communities. Do these cultural preferences have a biological basis? What is the relationship between biology and society in relation to the idea of beauty? How do they relate to each other, and how do they differ? In particular what role does science play in the preference that many societies, (in particular South Asian, East Asian, and North American Cultures), have for fairer skin? Beauty is experienced through visual stimuli. The human being's intake of beauty is through both conscious and unconscious decisions. (4) (4) The question is what motivates our unconscious decisions... ...t/html/astrid/femphers.html 3) Evolutionary Psychology of Sexual Attraction https://cognet.mit.edu/login/?return_url=%2Flibrary%2Ferefs%2Fmitecs%2Fthornhill.html 4) The Biological Purpose of Beauty http://www.beautyworlds.com/beautybiological.htm 5) The Role of Afrocentric Features in Person Perception: Judging by Features and Categories , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology http://www.colorado.edu/~iblair/Blar_features.pdf 6) When Black Isn't Beautiful, , The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3899316,00.html 7) What's In a Colour?. http://www.peak.sfu.ca/the-peak/98-2/issue1/colourbar.html1/ 8) The Colour Bar of Beauty http://www.peak.sfu.ca/the-peak/98-2/issue1/colourbar.html1/ 9) Races and Racism http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro02/web2/)%20http://www.geocities.com/pak_history/racism.html

Comparison between The Tell-tale Heart Essay

The Tell-Tale Heart was written by Edgar Allan Poe in 1843. Famous for his scary novels Poe’s most famous work was the short story, The Tell-Tale Heart which depicts an anonymous narrator as he carries out his plan to murder a helpless old man. Misery was written by Stephen King in 1987 and it follows a similar theme of horror/thriller with similar characters in similar positions. King tells the story of a renowned author as he gets captured and tortured by a woman. Both of these stories use different techniques through their plot, language and punctuation but they have much the same effect on the reader. In both stories, one of the underlying techniques for building up suspense is hidden inside a well thought out and structured plot. In Misery, the narrative switches back and forth between Paul the author, and his kidnapper, who is known only as Annie. This creates the main source of suspense in the story building it up by showing where each character is, what they’re doing and how close they’re getting to each other. What adds to this suspense is the effect of hearing Paul’s thoughts directly. Even though the extract is written in third person, a fraction of the text is written in italics and it represents Paul’s thoughts. The writer does this for several reasons. To show things from Paul’s point of view and what he is thinking at the time in more detail , but also to underline how worried and panicked he is as things start to go wrong. By hearing Paul’s thoughts directly the reader gets to understand how fearful Paul is of getting caught. Also concealed between the lines of the plot is the way the writer stresses the high stakes of what Paul was doing and what will happen to him if he’s caught. Right at the beginning of the extract, Paul compares what is happening to him, to his past childhood experience. Through this comparison, the writer introduces the possible idea of Paul getting caught and what will happen to him if he is. The flashback takes the reader back to when Paul had been twelve and decided to try some of his mother’s cigarettes. As the room filled with smoke, his mum returned in search for her forgotten purse. We are not told about what his mother did to him when she caught him, but you can guess from the words â€Å"It will be more than a spanking this time† that it was going to be bad. This tells us that if he is caught by Annie in present day he would have to face terrible consequences. Paul compares these to situations because in both he’s attempting something and trying not to get caught. In the flashback he does get caught, giving a sense of foreboding to the rest of the story, making the reader think he might get caught again. The high stakes are also shown throughout the extract in Paul’s actions and thoughts. His desperation in his attempts to get back into the room and lock the door and his attention to detail show how scared he is of getting caught, because of what he thinks will happen to him if he is. â€Å"Oh Jesus Christ, did you chip the paint, did you leave a track†. His thoughts also scream fear and anxiety in the way punctuation like question marks, exclamation marks and pauses are used. â€Å"did she hear that? She must have must have heard that! † These things are used very effectively as Paul stumbles upon problem upon problem as he attempts to return to the living room after failing to escape from his prison. He must leave everything the way it was to avoid suspicion from Annie, his kidnapper. However his luck doesn’t seem to be doing him any favours whilst Annie pulls up the driveway. His first problem was getting into the living room; the wheelchair was a very tight fit. On his first go he crashed into the side, â€Å"The wheelchair thumped against the right side of the doorway and bounced back a little†. His reaction to this was one of great terror and panic, â€Å"Did you chip the pain? His mind screamed at him†. On his second try he got jammed in the doorway and wouldn’t budge. The amount of effort he put in getting through shows the reader how scared he was of the cost of getting caught. â€Å"The muscles in his arms quivering like overturned violin strings†. The other problem that he encounters is made clear to the reader, as Paul tries to close the door of living room. The door must be closed and locked in order to leave everything the way it was before Annie left it and avoid suspicion. However whilst pushing the lock back with his thumb he meets an obstruction. Through panicked deduction he realizes the bobby pin he had originally used to unlock the door was stuck in the keyhole, stopping the lock from going back inside. These events contribute greatly to the suspense of the extract by giving Paul more chance of getting caught and keeping the story thrilling and fast-paced. In terms of pace I think that in Misery, as Paul encounters several problems on his return to the room, the story is more fast-paced and exciting than The Tell-Tale Heart. In comparison with Misery, The Tell-Tale Heart is extremely slow and unhurried because as it is first person the narrator is describing everything in full detail and all his thoughts at the time. Plus most of the murder involved waiting. At the end of the extract Paul overcomes all his problems but as he sat in his wheelchair awaiting the untimely arrival of Annie, he looks down and realises that the box of Novrils is still in his lap. â€Å"The box of Novrils was still in his lap†. This final sentence in its simplistic form puts an end to Paul’s series of unfortunate events in a great climax of suspense. The sentence is short and straightforward, leaving the reader to work out what will happen for themselves. There was no way Paul could do anything with the box without being seen because Annie was just on the other side of the living room door. If she found him with the Novrils (which were fictional painkillers) she would be able to guess what he was doing whilst she was out and he would have to pay the dire consequences of his actions. From the extract, the way Paul was reacting to every detail of the room, you would fear the worst for his life. The sentence finishes the extract with an ominous feeling for what will happen to Paul when discovered, leaving the story with a suspenseful cliff-hanger. In The Tell-Tale Heart, the way the plot builds up tension lies solely with the narrator and the way he recounts the story of how he killed an old man. The narrator starts the story by trying to convince and persuade the reader that he is indeed sane and not mad. This in itself is mysterious; what had he done that needed persuasion on others behalf to credit as sane. The narrator then introduces the idea of a murder by first establishing the motive behind the crime. The narrator states that he killed the old man (the victim) whom he loved, on the basis that he had and eye that resembled that of a vulture. â€Å"I think it was his eye! Yes it was this! One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture-a pale blue eye with a film over it† The motive is ridiculous and in no way should it inspire an act of murder. By first introducing the idea of a murder through the murderer’s motive, the writer allows the reader to make up their opinion on the sanity of the narrator at the beginning of the story whilst enticing the reader’s imagination leaving them wondering what else this madman will do. So already the reader would have a set opinion on the narrator, and the narrator’s behaviour throughout the rest of the short story would do nothing but solidify their suspicions of a troubled individual who is mentally ill. This is not only because he/she is constantly trying to prove their genius thinking behind the murder, but also because they believe that this genius and cunning must surely grant them their sanity. â€Å"Would a madman have been as wise as this? † At the end of the story the narrator (lulled into a false sense of security by his soon to be short-lived success) permits the entry of several policeman into the very room where he had committed the murder, after they came knocking to investigate a mysterious noise heard by one of the neighbours. Not only does he let them sit in the room, but also on the very floorboards where the cut up parts of the dead body lay hidden beneath. Though this just maybe a sign of over-confidence, it is bordering on madness and another reason for the reader to doubt the judgment of the narrator. If all this strange behaviour isn’t enough to chill the reader, then the murderer hallucinating should be. His guilty conscious gets the better of him and he thinks he can hear the imaginary beating of the stopped heart of the dead old man. The narrator succumbs to the noise by confessing to the clueless police sitting in front of him, that he had killed the old man who had lived here. â€Å"†Villains! â€Å"I shrieked, â€Å"Dissemble me no more! I admit the deed! -tear up the planks! -here, here! – it is the beating of his hideous heart! â€Å"† The narrator’s insane behaviour throughout the story adds to the horror atmosphere of the text. As a final sentence, I would say that Misery ended better than The Tell-Tale Heart in terms of suspense, because it leaves more unexplained questions in reader’s mind. This is probably because Misery is an extract and still in the middle of its story, and The Tell-Tale Heart finishes with its last line. As an ending I do believe that the final sentence of The Tell-Tale Heart is satisfying as it gives the reader the bare minimum information for the reader to deduce what happens to the murderer after he confesses instead of just saying that he was arrested and went to prison. After analysing both plots, overall I think that the plot of the Misery extract builds up tension better than The Tell-Tale Heart solely on the belief that it is it’s faster-paced therefore much more exciting. The effect of the chosen narrative for The Tell Tale Heart, which is first person and from the narrator’s point of view, lets the reader into his/her mind and see their motives and thinking behind an atrocious crime. First person is perfect for The Tell Tale Heart because looking into the murderer’s mind is exactly what the reader needs to get a proper grasp of the plot. The disadvantages however, are you do not get to find out the gender of the murder because it’s all â€Å"I did this† and â€Å"I did that†. Also you don’t find out what the old man is feeling or what he is thinking. For Misery however third person is used and that also suits the story quite well. This way you’re aware of both Paul and Annie’s actions at the same time. If it was first person and from Paul’s point of view, since Paul couldn’t have known exactly where Annie was and what she was doing and how close she was, the reader would be clueless and the main way the plot builds up tension would be gone. If it was from Paul’s point of view, the focus of the narrative will no longer switch between Paul and Annie, therefore eliminating one of the ways the plot creates a gripping atmosphere and seriously lowering the suspense levels. The disadvantages of third person are made up for by being able to see Paul’s thoughts directly. Other than the plot, language is the main source of suspense used to create the atmosphere of the two texts. In Misery, the writer has chosen to use individually effective words that remind the reader of death whilst describing something that is completely unrelated. Phrases such as â€Å"stopped dead† and â€Å"inside the guts of the lock† and â€Å"Wasn’t it enough she killed the phone? † In all these occasions, the writer could’ve used simple, non-death associated words, but instead he used the words â€Å"dead†, â€Å"guts† and â€Å"killed†. All these words inspire the thought of death in the reader’s brain, and although it is not directly mentioned it subconsciously arouses the idea of Paul’s death in the reader’s mind. This adds to the overall horror and suspense of the extract. In The Tell-Tale Heart individual words are also used to set the mood of the text but in a different way. Instead of death-connected words, the writer has used long and soft sounding words to slow the pace of the story and calm the mood. â€Å"I undid the lantern cautiously – oh, so cautiously – cautiously† The use of the word cautiously, which is a long and soothing word, slows the pace of the story down and set s a calm atmosphere. In terms of adding suspense to the text, I believe that Misery’s use of death-related words is more effective. In that sentence, the other thing that calms the mood is the use of repetition. As the narrator repeats the word â€Å"cautiously†, it emphasizes the fact the narrator was cautious and it shows the narrator’s arrogance in their actions. However repetition is used for other purposes throughout the short story. â€Å"It grew quicker and quicker, and louder and louder every instant . . . It grew louder I say, louder every moment† This phrase contains a lot of repetition as the narrator is trying to stress how quick and loud the beating heart was. The repetition also allows the writer to show how agitated the narrator is getting, because of the fact it was getting quicker and louder, but also because he thinks that the reader doesn’t believe him. A clear sign of insanity. In Misery repetition is used for similar reasons, but instead of agitation it’s to show the characters desperation, in phrases like â€Å"Caught! I’m caught! Please God, no God; don’t let her hurt me God† and â€Å"Come on . . . Come on . . . Come on†. In the first quote the repetition of the word â€Å"God† shows that he’s really desperate and has started to pray to God to help him. The second quote is similar as he is repeating the words â€Å"come on† as he gets more and more distressed. In misery what are also used to emphasize a point are superlatives like â€Å"in the grip of the greatest terror he had ever known†. This superlative highlights how bad the experience was for Paul. I believe that The Tell-Tale Heart’s use of repetition is more effective than Misery because not only does it build up suspense but also it shows signs of madness in the narrator’s behaviour which does not occur in Misery. This helps the plot on the whole build up tension. There is a great variety of long and short sentences in both stories. In both pieces of text short sentences are used to slow the pace of the text down. In the Tell Tale Heart it shows that the narrator is calm and unrushed. â€Å"But even yet I refrained and kept the lantern still. I scarcely breathed. I held the lantern motionless†. However, in misery short sentences are used to emphasize what’s happening in the sentence. â€Å"It was her†. This sentence just highlights the fact that it was Annie pulling up the driveway, and it makes the reader think about the consequences of these events. Although both are successful in creating suspense, I believe that Misery is more effective. Long sentences are usually used to keep the story going and build up the suspense. In Misery however, long sentences also show that Paul is panicked and rushed. â€Å"He sat in his chair, eyes half -closed, hoping madly that he had gotten the chair back where it had been(or at least close enough to it so she wouldn’t notice), hoping that she would take his drenched face and quivering body simply as reactions to missing his medication, hoping most of all that he hadn’t left a track†. This humungous sentence shows how worried Paul is of getting caught and it’s a great way to build the suspense because it allows no pauses. In The Tell-Tale Heart, long sentences aren’t used as effectively to build up suspense. In both pieces of text, there is a lot of punctuation used effectively to add horror and tension. The Tell-Tale Heart is first person and from the narrator’s point of view, so exclamation marks and capitals are used for his thoughts when he is angry and or shocked. â€Å"They heard! -they suspected! -they KNEW! -they were making a mockery of his horror! † The exclamation marks and capitals are emphasizing his thoughts, showing his rage and disbelief, whilst the dashes allow no pause and add suspense as he moves from one revelation to another. In other occasions, exclamations are used to show the narrator’s surprise and wonder at his own brilliance and ingenuity. â€Å"Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in! † The Misery extract however, contained only a couple of exclamations, used only to show that Annie was shouting to Paul in the living room so they were less effective than ones in The Tell Tale Heart. In The Tell-Tale Heart, because the narrator is recounting a story, it is almost as if he is having a conversation with the reader. At the beginning of the story, the narrator begins by asking numerous questions on whether or not the reader believed he was mad or not. â€Å"How then am I mad? † The effect of these questions and question marks makes the reader feel as if he had contradicted the narrator in some way and the narrator was having an argument with them. This is a good way to show the madness of the narrator from right at the start of the story. Question marks are also used in Misery however for different reasons. Phrases such as â€Å"did you chip the paint? † and â€Å"did you leave a track? † are used as another way to show Paul’s desperation but also to show his own uncertainty as he starts to panic. For these reasons I believe the use of question marks is better in Misery than in The Tell-Tale Heart. Another aspect of the punctuation in Misery is the use of pauses. â€Å"Come on . . . come on . . . come on† and â€Å"Never . . . never in time . . . She’ll hear† are two good examples of where the writer has used pauses to give a sense of desperation and anxiety to Paul’s thoughts. To conclude this essay, I would have to say that the extract from Misery by Stephen King is more effective than The Tell-Tale Heart in the way it creates an atmosphere of horror and suspense. It does this by using and expert blend of individually effectual words, well structured plot, effective narrative, well thought out and carefully placed punctuation, and a wide range of long and short sentences. Although The Tell Tale Heart does contain most of the techniques stated above, one thing I think Misery does better, and what makes it the better piece of text, is hidden inside its suspenseful plot line where Paul is constantly in a state of desperation and anxiety and in almost immediate danger. This I think is lacking in The Tell-Tale Heart, the sense of immediate danger, and is what makes the extract from Misery the perfect horror/suspense text.

Massey-Fergusion Case Study Essay

1. Net sales for Massey-Ferguson actually increased between 1979 and 1980. Despite this, net  income and income from continuing operations both dropped sharply in 1980. Which item  on the income statement was most responsible for this drop in income? The item on the income statement most responsible for this drop in income was the rise in cost  of goods sold due to currency risk exposure. The pound appreciated strongly against currencies  that Massey sold its products. Especially since engine production was highly concentrated in the  United Kingdom. Cost of goods sold rose from $238.18 million to $2568.5 million from 1979 to  1980 because of the rise in strength of the British pound. 2. Why would the Canadian government have any interest in helping Massey-Ferguson  refinance its debt? A bulk of Massey’s operations were centralized in Canada which meant that a large portionof Canada was employed by Massey (6,700 in Ontario) and without the help of  the Canadian  government these jobs would be loss and they would need to pay out unemployment. Also,  Argus Corporation, a stock holding company in Canada, had a 16.5% stake in Massey and was a  conservative supporter who wanted more support for Massey. 3. Why would it be difficult for Massey-Ferguson to conduct an equity issue to pay down its  debt?   It would be difficult for Massey to conduct an equity issue to pay down its debt because of how  much debt Massey accrued and their consistent inability to pay it. Also, Argus refused to take  a block of preferred share issues Massey intended to issue in 1980. Since Argus was Massey’s  largest shareholder, if they lacked confidence in Massey it shows a lot. Massey also fell behind  with dividends to both preferred and common shares due to covenants on their outstanding loans.  So equity capital was out of the question.

An honest Ghost Essay Example

An honest Ghost Essay Example An honest Ghost Paper An honest Ghost Paper Immediately after the Ghost has left the stage Hamlet is uncertain to whether it has come from either Heaven or Hell and, until he has other proof Claudiuss guilt, he remains ready to believe it is a damned ghost we have seen. The Ghost talks about returning to Purgatory and Hamlet at once insists that it is an honest Ghost. For him what carries most conviction is the Ghosts likeness to his father and the closeness of what it says to his own thoughts. Shakespeare ensures that we believe that the Ghost is not a figment of Hamlets imagination as both he and Laertes see the ghost and they are portrayed as intellects. In addition the two sentinels, Barnardo and Francisco have seen it. There is therefore a wealth of evidence to prove its existence and we are therefore more inclined to believe the validity of its arguments that the old Hamlet did not die naturally. After the ghost has gone Marcellus remarks something is rotten in the state of Denmark to them the ghost symbolizes that something is wrong in Denmark. This could also be a clue to the fact the Claudius could be corrupt. Hamlet believes several things about death and the afterlife, the main one seen in Hamlet being the fact that if you commit suicide you will not go to heaven as God gave you your life, and you have no right to take it away. This to the modern audience may seem strange because if God has given you life then it is surely your own to do with what you choose. Hamlet believes is that everybody would be committing suicide if they were not so afraid of death and the afterlife and the consequences to their soul for sinning against God. We will write a custom essay sample on An honest Ghost specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on An honest Ghost specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on An honest Ghost specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hamlets own life seems worthless and meaningless to him as a result of the death of his father and his mothers behavior. Because of this, Hamlet contemplates suicide. People are afraid of what the afterlife may contain. They know that they will not go to Heaven if they commit suicide and fear that Hell would be worse to bear than the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune on earth. The theme of suicide also comes into the play in Act Five Scene One (the Gravedigger Scene) when the clowns discuss whether Ophelia drowned herself in her own defense. If you kill yourself you were not meant to have a Christian burial this is also brought up by one of the clowns when he cynically says if (Ophelia) had not been a gentlewomen, she should have been buried out o Christian burial We in the modern age find this peculiar but in the time the play was written this was the usual practice. The Jacobean audience believed that you have no right to commit suicide as God gave you life and therefore had no right to a Christian burial. The King would have used his influence regarding Ophelia so she would get a Christian burial, which points to the hypocrisy of the rich, and powerful who are able to buy themselves and their friends privileges. In the same scene Hamlet talks about Yorick the Kings jester and remembers how he was. Here hung those lips I have kisss I know not how oft. Where be your gibes now, your gambols, your 190 songs, your flashes of Merriment that were wont to se the table on a roar. Hamlet thinks that it is sad that Yorick has ended up as a bag of bones, yet acknowledges that he believes in the afterlife when he tells his spirit to go to Gertrudes chamber and tell her, let her paint an inch thick, to this favour she must come Death he is pointing at, makes everyone equal. Even his mother, the queen, will one day be reduced to a pile of bones. The modern audiences view of the afterlife is very split some people believe in it and some people do not. However the Shakespearean audience, like Hamlet would have believed in the afterlife and would have recognized the difference between the mortality of the body and the external life of the soul. When he has the opportunity to, Hamlet does not kill Claudius while he is praying because the church believed that if a person is praying, as he dies his soul is absolved and he will go to Heaven. Hamlet does not want Claudius to go to Heaven when his father who was poisoned and didnt have time to pray is committed to Purgatory. This is a double irony because Claudius can not pray effectively since, to absolve his soul of sin, he would have to give up his wife and his throne in order to show true penitence. However God is looking after him because Hamlet thinks that he is praying so therefore he does not kill him. While the Jacobean audience would understand this view point, the modern one could possibly interpret it as further procrastination by Hamlet and a symptom of his indecisiveness. Hamlet wants to be able to kill Claudius however 1something inside him will not allow him to. Hamlet has a sense of morality, which rises above vengeance. In the eyes of the modern audience it seems strange that even though the old Hamlet was probably a better person than Claudius, he should be committed to Purgatory simply because he did not have time to pray, whereas Claudius who having killed his brother and who is now having sexual relations with his brothers wife, can be let off by just praying before he dies.

Real Gas Definition and Examples

Real Gas Definition and Examples A real gas is a gas that does not behave as an ideal gas due to interactions between gas molecules. A real gas is also known as a nonideal gas because the behavior of a real gas in only approximated by the ideal gas law. When Real Gases Differ From Ideal Gases Usually, its fine to use the ideal gas law to make calculations for gases. However, the approximation gives considerable error at very high pressure, near the critical point, or near the condensation point of a gas. Unlike ideal gases, a real gas is subject to: Van der Waals forcesCompressibility effectsNon-equilibrium thermodynamic effectsVariable specific heat capacityVariable composition, including molecular dissociation and other chemical reactions Real Gas Example While cool air at ordinary pressure behaves like an ideal gas, increasing its pressure or temperature increases the interactions between molecules, resulting in real gas behavior that cannot be predicted reliably using the ideal gas law. Sources Cengel, Yunus A. and Michael A. Boles (2010). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (7th Ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007-352932-X.Xiang, H. W. (2005). The Corresponding-States Principle and its Practice: Thermodynamic, Transport and Surface Properties of Fluids. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-045904-2.

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYMENT LAW EXERCISE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYMENT LAW EXERCISE - Essay Example As a Chinese girl in America, these are some of the laws that in my opinion are likely to protect me as an employee in future. The U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission link shows the different laws which focus on discrimination of a person, based n the person’s gender, race, nationality and other differences. There are several important things I learnt from these two laws. Title VII act of 1964, is a law that shows it is illegal to discriminate a person such as a potential employee on the basis of their cultural or religious backgrounds. It is a law that makes it unlawful for a person to even the score with another person who made a complaint on discrimination. According to EEOC, under the Pregnancy discrimination Act, it is prohibited from discriminating a woman because of childbirth and other medical conditions related to pregnancy (U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). Like the first law, it is against the law for a person to retaliate against a woman who complained of discrimination based on pregnancy related medical issues. Two most interesting things I learnt when exploring the site is that the Title VII law requires employers to accommodate an applicant’s religious practices which do not impose undue hardships on business operations. This is particularly interesting to me because I am a Buddhist and hope to have a future employer who will disapprove of me attending the major Buddhist holidays such as Vesak. It is interesting to learn that when I am employed in future I will have the chance to go for maternity and medical leaves without getting fired since in future I plan to raise a family and pursue my career at the same time. The two laws I reviewed connect to organizational justice in many ways. For example the Pregnancy discrimination Act focuses solely on specific triggers of unfairness perceptions (U.S Equal Employment

The Development of Presidental Power in the United States Research Paper

The Development of Presidental Power in the United States - Research Paper Example Decisive issues in the history of the United States, such as territorial expansion and slavery, have played a crucial role in determining the scope and nature of expanding presidential power through the centuries. In order to understand the rise of presidential power, one must first set a standard to which that rise is measured. That standard is the first president of the United States, George Washington, who was inaugurated on April 30, 1789. In many ways, Washington set the standards for his successors: setting up a cabinet system, giving an inaugural address, and serving as a two-term president. He took over the presidency of a country emerging fresh from its quest for independence, and he immediately faced the problems of any newly established nation. Recognizing the need to sign major treaties for foreign powers and to ratify the Bill of Rights, Washington signed a large slate of legislative measures that set up channels of commerce, state militias, the judiciary, the United Sta tes Mint, and the first immigration laws. Each of these acts stood in concert with the newly signed Constitution, which Washington used as justification for his veto of the Apportionment Act of 1792 (Washington). By all accounts, Washington represents the classic president with his respect for the precise limits of his power. Washington held federalist sentiments, aligned for the most part with his Secretary of the Treasury, cabinet member, and friend Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton’s intellectual influence on Washington was so great that Washington’s famous Farewell Address is thought to have been crafted, at least in part, by Hamilton’s hand. The federalists like Washington and Hamilton viewed states rights as less important and a hindrance to an effective, efficient central state. The Articles of Confederation, which had been discarded in favor of the Constitution, stressed the value of states’ rights above a central state but to a degree that made the fe deral government incapable of carrying out its necessary, executive functions. In his Farewell Address, Washington makes it clear that a stronger central government, at the expense of states’ rights, is a necessary movement toward reducing deadly factions in American government. To that end, Washington urges support for the new constitutional government. A weak government, he warns, is one that cannot defend itself from factions, or enforce its laws, or protect the rights of citizens, which is implied as an argument against overemphasizing the sovereignty of individual states. After the presidency of John Adams, another federalist, Thomas Jefferson became the third president in March 1801. As a Democrat-Republican with anti-federalist leanings, Jefferson wrote in favor of state rights, believing that the size of the federal government ought not to be maximized (Schlesinger 23). Instead, he thought, states’ ought to have a greater degree of sovereignty because they are more responsive to diverse groups of people. Looking at the divergent interests of Southerners and Northerners, even in the early 1800s, Jefferson identified a potential source of conflict—a factionalism that might emerge on the highest level of government. Accordingly, he endorsed a political

Elvis Presley King of Rock and Roll Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Elvis Presley King of Rock and Roll - Essay Example nt, his reputation as the world’s greatest Rock ‘n’ Roll singer even after the sensational impact of ‘Beatlemania’ of 1964 had not declined even decades after his demise. Elvis Aaron Presley was born to Vernon and Gladys Presley in the humblest circumstances on January 8, 1935, in Mississippi. He graduated from Humes High School, in Tennessee where his parents migrated, in 1953. The young Elvis displayed a natural gift for singing and took up guitar at eleven that was given by his father as a birthday gift. Pop, country music, gospel music, and the black R&B of the time influenced him in molding his musical genius. He began his singing experimentation in the summer of 1953, when he decided to record songs, mainly out of curiosity to hear his own sound on record. The two songs ‘My Happiness’ and ‘That’s When Your Heartaches Begin’ recorded at Memphis Recording Service Studio caught attention of Sun Records founder Sam Phillips and assistant Marion Keisker recognize his â€Å"nascent talent.† (Chuck). In 1954 Phillips asked Elvis to team up with two local musicians to try out a speeded-up version of blues singer Arthur ‘Big Boy’ Crudup’s song ‘That is All Right,’ which was released as Elvis’ first single. In 1955 his recording career was sold to RCV Records, one of the worlds biggest record companies, on the advice of Colonel Tom Parker (Andreas van Kuijk). The RCA had the necessary influence to â€Å"expose Elvis on nationally networked television† and by 1956 he was an international sensation. (Lennon and Dylan). His popular number one hits are: Heart Break Hotel (1956), Love me Tender (1956), (Let me be your) Teddy Bear-Loving You (1957), Jailhouse Rock(1957), Stuck on You-Welcome Home (1960), Are You lonesome Tonight? & All shook up (1968 come back specials), Can’t help falling in love (1961), In the Ghetto (1970), The Wonder of You (1970), and Burning Love (1973). He had a short stint with U.S army and also experimented with

Kenya National Security Strategy

Kenya National Security Strategy From colonial times to present day   Ã‚   Executive Summary After Kenyas independence, Somalia was a big security threats. After the president of Somalia, Siad Barre, was overthrown, Somali citizens fled their unstable country and entered Kenya. This affected Kenyas national security. Jihadist militant group, Al Shabaab, ruled Somalia, and through the arrival of refugees, it made it easier for terrorism to cross the borders from Somalia to Kenya. Small arms and light weapons proliferation is currently one of the most crucial external as well as internal security threat Kenya faces today. The existence of ethnic groups and conflicts spilling over across the border to Somalia as well as the constant flow of refugees, makes proliferation of small arms easier. Health insecurity is a major challenge for Kenyan people as well as the economic development of the country. Health and the countrys economy are positively correlated thus one directly affects the other. Piracy incidents have become more frequent in todays world. Somali pirates affect commerce that is taking place in that region which indirectly affects the economy of Kenya. International intervention failed to bring peace to Somalia. Terrorism arises from such instability affecting Kenyas national security. Joining with international help Kenya wishes to attain political stability in the region. Introduction This briefing paper examines Kenyas security strategy in terms of external and internal threats. It will analyse why Kenya has taken specific measures to tackle threats and challenges from Kenyas colonial period to present day. In terms of geopolitical factors, the Nile was and is a very important river. Britain wanted to capture and control the Nile in the 1800s, in order to increase trade. Additionally, they wanted to have control over Egypt, by capturing the source of the Nile, which helped sustain the country and then move on to control the Suez Canal. By doing so, the British would have full control over trade in the Middle East with Europe. Kenya was colonized from 1885 until 1964, when it gained its independence. Post-Independence Regional Influence The first decade after Kenya gained its independence, Somalia posed one of the biggest security threats. In 1992, after the overthrow of Siad Barre, the president of Somalia at the time, Somali refugees found shelter in Kenya as their country was a very unstable state, and this quickly started impacting Kenyas national security. Somalia was then ruled by jihadist militant group, Al Shabaab, and through the influx of refugees, it allowed terrorism to cross borders to Kenya with kidnappings and hijackings increasing rapidly. Terrorism is still one the most challenging and serious threats Kenya faces today. Another neighbouring country that posed a threat to Kenya was Uganda, in terms of external security. The rise of Idi Amin caused tensions between the two states, as the Ugandan president claimed a part of Kenya. To respond to this threat, Kenya improved its air force and build a stronger army in terms of number of soldiers enrolled. The tension between these two nations was a great challenge for Kenya and a threat it faced and still is today with the proliferation of small arms and the instability of a bordering country. Adding to that, South Sudan poses a great threat to Kenyas national security. In 2011, South Sudan, gained its independence, attention was brought to the Elemi triangle and countries in that region. This challenge was dealt with through peace talks to come to a common resolution in a diplomatic and civil manner, however, it could still pose a threat to regional security and impacting Kenya in the future, as different nations have different interests. Furthermore, internal conflicts in South Sudan also threaten Kenyas national security, as they could spill over and start spreading in other nations which would destabilize the region and its security. Post-Independence Social and Political Security In terms of social security Kenya, since independence, has faced problems with ethnicity influencing internal politics thus affecting the nations national security. These ethnic groups which lead to a divided nation have existed since Kenyas colonial era to post-colonial and even today remain an imminent threat to the security of the country. Kenya understood this challenge, thus included in its constitution, that the government should have a legal requirement in appointing a leader that will reflect and support ethnic diversity and not favour certain ethnic groups. Distinction was made between ethnic groups based on the land they owned, however this lead to ethnic conflicts for land ownership between different groups. Another difference that divided these ethnic groups was language which encouraged strong ethnic identities trying to prevail and ending up in conflicts. Adding to that, the effect that ethnicity had on Kenya, is that it divided the country into 42 different tribes which intensified internal ethnic conflicts that posed a security threat to Kenya before and even after independence and affect Kenyas economic development agenda. In terms of political security, Kenya was influenced largely from its colonizers.   The structure that they adopted into their political system was created by the British who colonized Kenya. However, the diversity of ethnic groups was embedded into politics with culture violence being the only tool Kenyans used to achieve their aim. There was no trust between different ethnic groups and thus leading to a more polarized political system with the risk of increasing cultural violence to resolve issues. Ethnic groups formed their own political parties to establish power to their own people. This lead to election violence, which is still one of the most important internal security challenged the nation faces today. Kenyas political system was and is still is divided between these ethnic groups which could potentially lead Kenya into a civil war which could simply be used as a political statement. After Kenya gained its independence the government of Kenya tried uniting the nation into thinking as a unity instead of being segregated into the 42 ethnic groups and tribes, hoping to put an end to political rivalry and focus on issues such as poverty and health security as one nation. Policies were formulated to achieve regional stability as well as continental unity to depolarize the world from the two superpowers at the time (USA vs. USSR). Kenya was always a neutral country during the time period 1960-1970 as it had a vision of a united Africa. The second decade after Kenya gained its independence, Somalia still posed a threat to the nation, as it continued receiving support from the Soviet Union. The end of the Cold War had a negative impact on Kenya as the US tried promoting democracy which led to a negative response by some Kenyan ethnic groups.   These rallies that took place to promote democracy, often resulted in violence. Economic Development To obtain economic security Kenya has to ensure that it has financial stability, access to resources and that its citizens have sufficient income. However, Kenya still suffers from high levels of unemployment, poverty, and segregation of different income classes. In terms of economic dominance, Kenya has seen its industries grow and help finance some of the projects Kenya envisioned in the Vision 2030, an ambitious plan Kenya wanted to implement by the year of 2030. The division of people in terms of wealth is very visible in Kenya. Poverty is at high rates which leads to unstable settlements and the rise of criminal behaviour, as people have to compete with each other for basic resources such as food and water. Reasons why the nation has failed to implement policies to reduce poverty and the wealth gap is poor budgeting and overestimating the nations capabilities. There is a lack of appropriate policy frameworks and personnel to carry out these policies. Kenya in recent times, has discovered oil, gas and other mineral resources which could potentially lead to an growth in the countrys economic development. Kenya has responded to these opportunities in a diplomatic and business like manner, already singing contracts with international oil companies for the exploration of its oil as well as training its own people in handling and exploring these sources themselves. However this puts Kenya in a difficult spot as the instability of its region could lead to radicalized groups wanting control of Kenyas oil. The nation wishes to create strategic and business relationships with big international companies in order to avoid these sources falling in the wrong hands. Internal Security Today Political  security and regional stability In terms of political security, with 42 different ethnic groups present in Kenya, Kenya is a divided nation with a lack of a national identity. Ethnic violence has been present in Kenya even before its independence. Even after the nation gained its independence, ethnic groups still divide and pose a challenge to Kenyas national security. Kenyas attempt at resolving this challenge was not successful and therefore Kenyas idea of addressing with the issue is through educating younger generations on how to think like Kenyans instead of following their ethnic prejudices. Kenya has constantly failed at resolving ethnicity and ethnic conflicts is still is a corrupted government. With the segregation of different ethnic groups, presidency is also in favor of the ethnicity of the party elected. In 2008 was the biggest political conflict Kenya has witness with the violence used a s a tool to displace members who were in power of specific ethnic groups. Keya created a legislation and made it a legal requirement to found political parties based on the persons religion or ethnicity and this was also used to prevent gender discrimination. All parties were required to follow a code of conduct. The nation has failed repeatedly as it has not yet resolved the issues with ethnicity and corruption. Corruption in Kenya weakens its agenda on economic development. These ethnic groups are not only present in Kenya but also in other neighbouring countries which makes it very difficult for the country to respond to such an imminent and large threat that it is facing as it is surrounded by unstable nations.. Health and Food Insecurities   Ã‚   Kenya has been struggling with health security for a long time. Incidences of malaria, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and other diseases have affected, not only Kenyans but also national economic development. More of the nations funds are directed towards building a better health care system that would cater to everyone and could be afforded by everyone. This eventually leads to a slower economic growth for the country, which leads to lower incomes for certain groups of people and thus resulting in a higher percentage of poverty. Kenya focuses on education, health and poverty as key instruments in developing the country and creating this prosperous nation it has envisioned by 2030.

New Age Voting :: Voting Government Essays

New Age Voting The government of the United States of America is founded upon the Constitution, written by our forefathers to create a working democracy incapable of transforming into a monarchy. Basic human rights were established, and power, although little, was given to each individual. The power given to the people can also be referred to as a voice, and in the election system we use, we call this voice a vote. This country fought for and gained its independence from injustices placed upon our ancestors’ lives. Our leaders made sure that these injustices would not occur again, and that by speaking out, by voting, the people could be appeased in the best way possible. Why is it that so many young adults between the ages of 18 and 29, those who apparently have so much to complain about, aren’t using their voices? As a whole, only about half of the population eligible to vote does so. In the election of our forty-third president, fifty one percent of those eligible voted. The young adult age group, 18-29, makes up the smallest part of that group. Seventeen percent of eligible voters between this age group voted (Lewis). In the latest presidential election, 30 million 18-30 year olds did not vote (Anthony, Skaags). Only a small percentage of voters came out of this age group-the smallest; however, it is not uncommon to see members of the group participating in protests or other complaint oriented activities with the intent of making change. Change is able to come easier than most people think. We have a say in everything we do. That â€Å"say† does not always come from our lips; it comes from the ballot. This is important because the government plays an integral role in everything we do. It may not seem like it, and directly, it really isn’t that important to the little everyday things we do, but indirectly, we encounter it all the time. That extra weekend spending money: tax returns. The helpful financial boost that allowed you to open your own small business: government loans. The money needed for important schooling or research: grants. The government also gives back to us by attempting to improve the economy, creating more jobs for the unemployed, and creating programs for general interest.

Epiphone

The history of Epiphone started in 1873, in Smyrna, Ottoman Empire (now Izmir, Turkey), where Greek founder Anastasios Stathopoulos made his own fiddles and lutes (oud, laouto). Stathopoulos moved to the United States of America in 1903, and continued to make his original instruments, as well as mandolins, from Long Island City in Queens, New York. Anastasios died in 1915, and his son, Epaminondas, took over. After two years, the company was known as The House Of Stathopoulos. Just after the end of World War I, the company started to make banjos. The company produced its Recording Line of Banjos in 1924, and, four years later, took on the name of the â€Å"Epiphone Banjo Company†. They produced their first guitars in 1928. Epi Stathopoulos died in 1943. Control of the company went to his brothers, Orphie and Frixo. Unfortunately, they were not as capable owners as Epi. In 1951, a four month long strike forced a relocation of Epiphone from New York to Philadelphia. The company was bought out by their main rival, Gibson in 1957. It is extremely important to understand that all Epiphone instruments made between 1957 and 1969 were made in the Gibson factory at 225 Parsons Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan. These 1959–1969 Epiphone instruments were, effectively, identical to the relevant Gibson versions, and made with same timber, materials and components. These guitars were made by the same people, in the same place, and with the same materials and components as the contemporary equivallent Gibson guitars were. They even shared the same Gibson serial-number sequence! To note some of the specific examples of Gibson-made Epiphone instruments from this period: the Epiphone Casino was identical to the Gibson ES-330; the Epiphone Cortez was identical to the Gibson B-25; the Epiphone Olympic Special was technically identical to the Gibson Melody Maker; the Epiphone Sorrento was identical to the Gibson ES-125TC (except for a few cosmetic improvements! ), and the Epiphone Texan was (apart from a change in scale-length) an identical guitar to the Gibson J-45. All of the other Gibson/Kalamazoo-made Epiphones had some clear technical or cosmetic relationship with the relevant Gibson version. This wealth of information can, admittedly, be quite confusing so I direct any interested readers to â€Å"Gruhn's Guide To Vintage Guitars† (Gruhn-Carter, Miller-Freeman Press). Most of the specific information that you will need can be found here. Gibson eventually realized the folly in having two identical brands and, therefore, by 1970, Gibson commenced using the Epiphone brand as a budget-line and started having them made, initially, in Japan. Some confusion arises here because the first year or so of Japanese acoustic guitar production utilizes a label that denotes the address â€Å"Kalamzoo, MI†. At no point does this label say â€Å"Made In USA† but some confusion, especially on internet auction websites, still arises. It is equally important to understand that the overwhelming majority of Epiphone-branded instruments made since 1969 are, in essence, exploitation instruments are and are basically facsimilies of either Gibson (most commonly) or Epiphone guitars of the past. The vast majority of these facsimilies are very decent, budget-versions of the iconic instruments that they replicate and are, in may cases, exactly what a student guitarists needs, but they must not, in any way whatsoever, in terms of materials, components and intrinsic quality, be mistaken for the real item. In the hands of a good player the guitars may sound indistinguishable, but that doesn't grant them inherent equality. [edit]Casino Main article: Epiphone Casino The most famous Epiphone model introduced by Gibson after taking over was the Casino. The Casino was made in the same shape and configuration as a Gibson ES-330 guitar. It has a very heavy sound and is a very good rhythm guitar due to its fairly thick sound when strummed. It is a genuine hollow body electric guitar with single coil P90 pickups. Epiphone Casino VT The Casino is famous for being used by The Beatles. Paul McCartney was the first to acquire one and John Lennon and George Harrison followed suit soon after. Paul McCartney used his for the solo in Taxman and the Casino sound is very prevalent throughout Revolver and their later albums. John Lennon made his Casino one of his main guitars and used it for the rest of his time with the Beatles and into the '70s. Paul still uses his Casino, which has a Bigsby vibrato tailpiece, in concert and studio today. [edit]1970–present In the early 1970s, Epiphone began to manufacture instruments in Japan. From the 1980s, Epiphones were manufactured mainly in Korea but also in Japan by contractors licensed by Gibson. One of these contractors was Samick, which also built instruments under license for other brands and in its own name. Thus, a Korean-era solidbody Epiphone would have been built under license. The brand was primarily used to issue less expensive versions of classic Gibson models, in a manner similar to that of the Squier brand by Fender. Like all Asian-made copies, these guitars were constructed using different timbers (usually Nyatoh, for example, instead of Mahogany), were stuck together with epoxies rather than wood-glues, and were finished in hard, quick-to-apply polyester resin rather than the traditional nitro-cellulose lacquer used by Gibson. Nitro-cellulose lacquers are applied very thinly, and as a result, do not impede the resonance of the instrument as resin finishes do. Nitro-cellulose, being a solvent-based lacquer (as opposed to a catalyzed resin), requires many more very thin coats (but still results in a lighter, thinner finish because of much more hand-applied cutting and polishing) and is therefore much more time-consuming (and consequently expensive) to apply. Resin finishes are much quicker and cheaper to apply. These particular budget considerations, along with others such as plastic nuts and cheaper hardware and pickups, allow for a more affordable instrument. Although the decent Epiphone copies look (other than upon very close inspection) to be very much like the iconic, original instruments that they replicate, and often, in the hands of a good player, DO sound very, very close to the originals, they are not, as is the case with all of these budget brands, conceived and constructed to the same intrinsic quality. But it is a matter of budget – if you can look and sound close to how your favorite player sounds for a fraction of the cost then it is a good thing. Gibson, via their Epiphone brand, just like Fender via their Squier brand, bring a close approximation of the real thing to countless players who cannot afford, or justify, the expense of a professional-quality instrument. The result is that Epiphone and Squier have become the world's highest selling brands of electric guitar. Samick has stopped manufacturing guitars in Korea. In 2002, Gibson opened a factory in Qingdao, China, which manufactures Epiphone guitars exclusively. With few exceptions, Epiphones are now built only in the Qingdao factory. Unique Epiphone models, including the Emperor, Zephyr, Riviera and Sheraton, are built to higher quality standards than the company's â€Å"Gibson copy† line. Epiphone also produces a range of higher quality instruments under the â€Å"Elitist Series† moniker, which are built in Japan. The â€Å"Masterbilt† acoustics are manufactured in Qingdao.

Genetically Modified Foods Essay

Genetically Modified Foods (GMO) are crops that have had changes made to their genetic material (DNA) in a way that does not occur naturally through the introduction of a gene from a different organisms. The use of genetically modified foods has been debated about for some time now. One side argues that GMO is more sustainable and economically efficient. It is also argued that GMO has not been properly tested for any negative effects on humans, other animals and the environment. GMO foods are seen as the future in agriculture by scientist as it solves so many worldwide problems. Industries claim GMO foods have been changed to make the food last longer, give the crop herbicidal tolerance, resistance to insects and different climates, taste better and the crop will produce more food. This results in more food for the rapidly growing population of the world as less crops will spoil as a result of insects, while also increasing the nutritional value of the food. Foods that previously weren’t able to grow in varying climates will now be able to, this will especially benefit countries such as Africa where their climate is very harsh. It has been argued that scientists have not done enough research and have not fully tested their products properly. This has been the concerns of many people all over the world. Do the benefits really outweigh the negatives? While GMO products may be very beneficial to society in theory very few have been properly tested for how they impact humans and other organisms in the long term. Tests have been done on rats testing the effects of GMO products on their health, in all cases rats feed GMO products were more likely to develop tumours and suffer server liver and kidney damage. Recent studies also show that despite the claims of GMO food supporters GMO crops don’t produce larger amounts of food. In addition to these problems it has been found that weeds have crossed bread with these GMO plants resulting in herbicide resistant weeds which mean stronger pesticides are needed which possess a huge threat to none GMO plants. In 2010 Germany introduced a ban on Monsanto genetically modified corn as it was considered dangerous. In 2011 Peru passed a law banning genetically modified crops for 10 years, the same year Hungary also destroyed 1000 acres of corn that was found to be grown with genetically modified seeds which are banned. If countries are going to such lengths to keep GMO foods out there must be an issue with them. The main issue with GMO is that it is big companies that are creating GMO foods. They only care about making a profit. This results in sloppy long term tests and in some cases false information being provided to the public to promote their product. In most cases the negatives clearly outweigh the positives of GMO foods although that does not rule out all GMO products. If governments got involved more and incorporated better restrictions on the production of GMO foods results will improve. With more research and tests maybe GMO foods really will be the way of the future.

3 Prominent Themes Found in William Shakespeares Othello

3 Prominent Themes Found in William Shakespeares Othello In Shakespeares Othello, themes are essential to the working of the play. The text is a rich tapestry of plot, character, poetry, and theme – elements which come together to form one of the Bards most engaging tragedies. Othello  Theme 1: Race Shakespeare’s Othello is a Moor, a black man - indeed, one of the first black heroes in English literature. The play deals with interracial marriage. Others have a problem with it, but Othello and Desdemona are happily in love. Othello holds an important position of power and influence. He has been accepted into Venetian society based on his bravery as a soldier. Iago uses Othello’s race to ridicule and belittle him, at one point calling him â€Å"thick lips†. Othello’s insecurities surrounding his race ultimately lead to his belief that Desdemona is having an affair. As a black man, he doesn’t feel he is worthy of his wife’s attention or that he has been embraced by Venetian society. Indeed, Brabanzio is unhappy about his daughter’s choice of suitor, due to his race. He is quite happy to have Othello regale stories of bravery to him but when it comes to his daughter, Othello is not good enough. Brabanzio is convinced that Othello has used trickery to get Desdemona to marry him: â€Å"O thou damned thief, where hast thou stowed my daughter? Damned as thou art, thou hast enchanted her, For I’ll refer me to all things of sense, If she in chains of magic were not bound, Whether a maid so tender, fair, and happy, So opposite to marriage that she shunned The wealthy curled darlings of our nation, Would ever have t’incur a general mock, Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom Of such a thing as thou†Brabanzio: Act 1 Scene 3. Othello’s race is an issue for Iago and Brabanzio but, as an audience, we are rooting for Othello, Shakespeare’s celebration of Othello as a black man is ahead of its time, the play encourages the audience to side with him and take against the white man who is mocking him just because of his race. Othello Theme 2: Jealousy The story of Othello is propelled by feelings of intense jealousy. All of the action and consequences that unfold are the result of jealousy. Iago is jealous of Cassio’s appointment as lieutenant over him, he also believes that Othello has had an affair with Emilia, his wife, and harbors plans for revenge on him as a result. Iago also appears to be envious of Othello’s standing in Venetian society; despite his race, he has been celebrated and accepted in society. Desdemona’s acceptance of Othello as a worthy husband demonstrates this and this acceptance is due to Othello’s valor as a soldier, Iago is envious of Othello’s position. Roderigo is jealous of Othello because he is in love with Desdemona. Roderigo is essential to the plot, his actions act as a catalyst in the narrative. It is Roderigo who goads Cassio into the fight which loses him his job, Roderigo attempts to kill Cassio so that Desdemona stays in Cyprus and eventually Roderigo exposes Iago. Iago convinces Othello, erroneously, that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. Othello reluctantly believes Iago but is finally convinced of his wife’s betrayal. So much so that he kills her. Jealousy leads to Othello’s degradation and ultimate downfall. Othello Theme 3: Duplicity â€Å"Certain, men should be what they seem†Othello: Act 3, Scene 3 Unfortunately for Othello, the man who he trusts in the play, Iago, is not what he seems he is scheming, duplicitous and has a deep malevolent loathing for his master. Othello is made to believe that Cassio and Desdemona are the duplicitous ones. This mistake of judgment leads to his downfall. Othello is prepared to believe Iago over his own wife because of his faith in his servant’s honesty; â€Å"This fellow’s of exceeding honesty† (Othello, Act 3 Scene 3). He doesn’t see any reason why Iago might double cross him. Iago’s treatment of Roderigo is also duplicitous, treating him as a friend or at least a comrade with a common goal, only to kill him in order to cover up his own guilt. Fortunately, Roderigo was savvier to Iago’s duplicity than he knew, hence the letters exposing him. Emilia could be accused of duplicity in exposing her own husband. However, this endears her to the audience and demonstrates her honesty in that she has discovered her husband’s wrongdoings and is so outraged that she exposes him.

Validity of interview and personality assessment

Validity of interview and personality assessment Free Online Research Papers The management of human resources has become one of the major challenges of companies. The choice of appropriate selection methods is crucial, mainly as errors in the recruitment process are costly to the companies. The only way to be effective in managing human resources is to use selection methods whose reliability has been proven scientifically. It is not enough to feel a selection method is appropriate for her to be in reality. Certainly, we can consider this insight as a first indication, but not give it great importance, and be especially careful not to turn it into a true belief. In this perspective, the experimental verification of any assessment method is the only rational way that can confirm or deny the validity of an evaluation method. Given the impressive amount of selection methods, each of which claims to be the most effective it is not easy to make a choice. This is especially true; in general, HR professionals do not know the most relevant selection method that they can use. Must we choose, for example, an evaluation method based on its reputation or frequency of use? In this perspective, is a selection method which is known or widely used relevant? What are they really able to predict and to what extent? The purpose of this research is to advise on the effectiveness of selection interviews and personality assessment in decisions related to prediction of job performance. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of the selection process is to select the best applicant from the applicant pool that will perform well in the job. Thus predictability of job performance of the applicant is an essential component of selection thus various measurement tools are used to assess the possibilities of successful candidates, selection interviews, and personality assessment are amongst the widely used. But to safely use a performance predictor method, it is essential that it should have specific scientific references to guarantee maximum efficiency. These benchmarks will verify if the method used measures what it purports to measure. Also it is worthy to note that for selection interviews and personality assessment to be effective job performance predictors they should posses certain essential qualities, and should be used in respect of certain rules and under certain conditions. THE SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENTS THAT GUARANTEE THE VALIDITY OF ASSESSMENT METHODS AS JOB PERFORMANCE PREDICTORS. As aforementioned it for selection any selection method to play its role of job performance predictor, there should be certain scientific benchmarks that verify if the measure actually measures what it purports to and the measure should be used under certain conditions following a given procedure. Essential qualities of job performance predictors The first criterion concerns the psychometric qualities which are three in number namely; reliability, utility or variability and validity. Reliability is the first of the qualities any job performance predictor should posses. Reliability is obtained when a procedure applied twice to the same subjects gives practically equivalent results.There are three methods to evaluate the reliability of a test, all three based on a correlation study. The first is the method of test-retest, the second is called the uniformity and the third is the method of equivalence The utility or variability of a method of assessment is an essential quality which will help to classify subjects thus discriminating. In other words, the method used should allow drawing a clear cut distinction between subjects that take the assessment on the measure it purports to measure. It is essential that the procedure is neither too difficult nor too easy and it is especially adapted to the population in question. Finally, validity is the last quality that must possess an assessment method. This will be valid if it really brings the expected information necessary for decision making. There are three types of validity: Content validity; which raises the question of whether, the content of the assessment method is the content area of this method is suppose to measure. -Construct validity that will legitimize the value of the tool, it will check if the tool actually develops measures for the phenomenon it is supposed to measure. Predictive validity assesses whether the test can predict behaviour in a work situation. The second criterion is sampling and calibration. Sampling is to determine a population sample on which the assessment method will be calibrated. This is in accordance with the objective of the test and candidates to which it will be applied, the selected sample will be representative of the population as a whole or a specified portion of the population according to age, sex, level of education or function. Benchmarking, meanwhile, is a process to have standards against which to compare issues between them. On the other hand, a reliable method of assessment which can be used by professional safely must necessarily provide reliable reference standards that can allow a single subject to be compared to a group. It is essential that the calibration groups are sufficiently important and most representative. Indeed, the validity of an interpretation depends exclusively on the quality of sampling and representativeness of standards. If these various requirements are not met, it is likely that the valuation method used does not have any guarantee for its user. Terms of use and conditions of administration of job performance predictors The relevance of a job performance predictor requires that we focus on the conditions of use and administration. With these conditions, two concepts are fundamental. The first concerns the standardization and the second concerns the actors who are responsible for their implementation. The standardization of a situation must allow comparison between subjects respecting a number of parameters such as: The psychological conditions of the candidates (reassure the candidates); Compliance level instructions (the transmission must be the same for each candidate); -Compliance with environmental conditions (the environment must be the same and most appropriate for each candidate), the full standardization of a situation does not exist and the only ambition is to approach it. It is not enough that the tools meet scientific requirements, nor that there exist standardized situations. It also requires that the assessment methods are chosen carefully and used in conditions where professionalism and ethics should prevail. THE VALIDITY AND UTILITY OF THE SELECTION INTERVIEW AND PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT This section is devoted to the level of validity of the main methods of assessment used in a context of professional prognosis. These data are derived from a synthesis of scientific literature on the subject. The selection interview The interview as a job performance predictor has always occupied the first place. But according to numerous studies, it is not a technique as reliable as one might think. However, the interview as a job performance predictor tool is absolutely essential but it might be wiser to give it less weight in decision making. The majority of work indicates that the traditional interview (unstructured, semi-structured interview and direct interviews) has low reliability, poor validity and unlike structured and situational interviews, which are conceived after propal job analysis have stronger reliability and validity. The low relevance of the traditional interview is simple to understand and, for a number of reasons. On the one hand, the lack of interview guide contributes to increase the difficulty of asking the same questions to each candidate. On the other hand, the situations are not standardized and therefore it is quite possible that the change of environment in which each candidate takes the interview, may distort the content of the interview. In addition, to the contrast effect do not forget that in reality, consultants or hiring managers rarely perform interviews in a single day. According to multiple studies, it appears that there is a contrast effect that indicates at least part of the assessment of the interviewee would be due to the quality of interviewees who immediately proceeded. What may seem surprising is the preponderance of traditional interview as a job performance predictor and selection method while its reliability is low. Despite this finding, the aim is not to abandon maintenance on the contrary, but make sure to increase its reliability and validity. By conducting a job analysis of the position in order to develop a guide that might help to ask only questions related to the position vacant. The reliability of the interview will be even better. The validity can be improved by training the interviewers through seminars, on interview techniques. Knowing the shortcomings of an interview, but also be able to better combat them. Personality assessment Personality assessment includes all tests using the cognitive and affective aspects of personality. There are two types of personality assessments used in selection: the personality questionnaires and projective tests. While personality tests and projective techniques assess personality, these two methods are fundamentally different. Thus, if the projective tests part of a comprehensive approach to personality, personality tests are part of a much more analytical approach, which decomposes the personality traits such as Extraversion, Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience which is a five factor model widely accepted taxonomy of personality(Rothstein Goffin,2006). Murphy (2000) has provided an analysis of the key issues to consider justifying making inferences from meta-analyses for research or personnel selection. These issues are (a) the quality of the data base and the quality of the primary studies it contains; (b) whether the studies included in the meta-analysis are representative of the population of potential applications of the predictor; (c) whether a particular test being considered for use is a member of the population of instruments examined in the meta-analysis; and (d) whether the situation intended for use is similar to the situations sampled in the meta-analysis Barrick and Mount found that the estimated true correlation between FFM dimensions of personality and performance across both occupational groups and criterion types ranged from .04 for Openness to Experience to .22 for Conscientiousness. Although correlations in this range may seem relatively modest, nevertheless these results provided a more optimistic view of the potential of personality for predicting job performance and this study had an enormous impact on researchers and practitioners (Mount Barrick,1998; Murphy,1997, 2000). In addition, there is a continuing debate on whether or not such â€Å"broad† personality dimensions are more or less effective than narrow (i.e., specific traits) personality measures for predicting job performance (see below for a review of this ongoing debate). Once again, it is not possible to review in this context all the controversies and debate surrounding how well the FFM represents the structure of personality. However, for researchers and practitioners interested in the use of personality measures in personnel selection, it is important to recognize that there is more to personality than the FFM. The choice of personality measure to use in a selection context should consider a number of factors, not the least of which is the development of a predictive hypothesis on the relations expected between the personality measure and the performance criterion of interest (Rothstein Jelley, 2003). Two other issues made salient by the contribution of meta-analytic studies to understanding personality–job performance research concern the importance of acknowledging the bidirectional nature of much more potential personality – job performance relations, and appreciating the potential role of moderators between personality and performance criteria. The projective methods based on the notion of perceptual mechanism and consist of a set of tests that will help from a more or less structured material an emotional release, a projection of the personality of the subject in the test. These techniques allow a holistic evaluation i.e. the overall personality, which is regarded as a dynamic evolving. Mastery of these methods requires a long training which usually lasts several years after a complete course in psychology In summary, despite the controversy surrounding the meta-analysis and the FFM, the weight of the meta-analysis evidence clearly leads to the conclusion that the measures of personality may be a significant contributor to the prediction of job performance. The impact of these meta-analysis has opposed the earlier findings of Guion and Gottier (1965) and put the personality back into research and practice. In the decade or more since these meta-analysis began to be published research of personality and job performance has continued, creating a wealth of understanding and implications for the use of personality measures in personnel selection. We review the important future trends in this research, with particular emphasis on implications for research and practice in human resource management. Although criticism of the FFM continues, many researchers have accepted it as a reasonable taxonomy of personality characteristics and moved beyond the basic question of whether personality predicts job performance to examine more specific applications (Rothstein Jelley, 2003). Simmering, Colquitt, Noe, and Porter (2003) determined that Conscientiousness was positively related to employee development, but only when employees felt that the degree of autonomy in their jobs did not fit their needs. The importance of a confirmatory research strategy was reinforced by Nikolaou (2003) who reported that although FFM dimensions were not generally related to overall job performance, Agreeableness were related to performance involving interpersonal skills. Hochwarter, Witt, and Kacmar (2000) determined that Conscientiousness was related to performance when employees perceived high levels of organizational politics, but no relations were found among employees perceiving low levels of organizational politics. Witt, 2002), Extraversion was related to job performance when employees were also high in Conscientiousness, but with employees low in Conscientiousness, Extraversion was negatively related to performance. As Rothstein and Jelly (2003) have argued, personality measures are relatively more situationally specific, compared with a measure of general mental ability. This makes the use of validity generalization principles to justify the use of a personality measure in selection more challenging because there may be numerous situational moderators as the above research illustrates. For human resource researchers and practitioners in personnel selection, the key is careful alignment of personality and performance criteria as well as consideration of other potential contextual factors related to the job or organization. Another potential interpretation of the relatively low correlations typically found between personality measures and job performance criteria, in addition to unknown or unmeasured moderator effects, is that personality may only have indirect effects on performance and that there may be stronger relations with mediator variables that in turn are more strongly related to job performance (Rothstein Jelley, 2003). The logic of this proposition is based on the generally accepted definition of personality as a predisposition to certain types of behavior. Accordingly, if this behavior could be measured directly, such measures may mediate relations between personality and job performance. Only a small number of research studies have been conducted over the past decade, but results support the existence of mediator effects. Collectively these studies illustrate once again that a confirmatory research strategy provides valuable insights to the nature of personality–job performance relations. Such strategies contribute to more comprehensive predictive models and better understanding of how personality affects job performance directly and indirectly. Although relatively few studies of mediator effects have been reported in the literature thus far, existing research indicates that both research and practice in personnel selection would benefit from such studies. Discovering indirect effects of personality on job performance through mediator variables may also help to understand why so many personality–job performance relations are situationally specific which in turn would lead to more effective personnel selection practices. Although repeated meta-analyses have supported the conclusion that personality predicts job performance (Barrick Mount,2003), from the perspective of human resource researchers and practitioners an important question remaining is to what degree is this prediction incremental in validity and value over other personnel selection techniques. Judge, Bono, Ilies, and Gerhardt (2002) determined that Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness were all related to leadership criteria (leader emergence and leader effectiveness) with Extraversion being the most consistent predictor across studies. 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